Article 1 — Subject matter and scope

1. This Directive lays down common rules on: (a) the models, standards and categories of driving licences; (b) the issuance, validity, renewal and mutual recognition of driving licences; (c) certain aspects of the exchange, replacement, cancellation, withdrawal, suspension and restriction of driving licences; (d) certain aspects applicable to novice drivers, in particular concerning an accompanied driving scheme and a probationary period. 2. This Directive does not apply to: (a) non-road mobile machinery as defined in Article 3(1) of Regulation (EU) 2025/14 of the European Parliament and of the Council; and (b) power-driven vehicles running on wheels or tracks, having at least two axles, the principal function of which lies in their tractive power, which are specially designed to pull, push, carry or operate certain tools, machines or trailers used in connection with agricultural or forestry operations, and the use of which for carrying persons or goods by road or for drawing, on the road, vehicles used for the carriage of persons or goods is only a secondary function.