Annex IV — INDICATIVE LIST OF RISK REDUCTION MEASURES

(1) Soil remediation techniques for in situ or ex situ soil remediation: (a) Physical soil remediation techniques: (i) vapor extraction, air sparging; (ii) heat treatment, steam injection, thermal desorption, vitrification; (iii) soil washing and flushing; (iv) liquid layer removal. (b) Biological soil remediation techniques: (i) stimulation of aerobic or anaerobic degradation: bioremediation, biostimulation, bioaugmentation, bioventing, biosparging; (ii) phytoextraction, phytovolatilisation, phytodegradation; (iii) composting, soil amendments, landfarming, and bioreactor systems; (iv) biofiltration, biotreatment wetlands, and biobeds; (v) monitored natural attenuation. (c) Chemical remediation techniques: (i) chemical oxidation; (ii) chemical reduction and reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions; (iii) pump and treat groundwater; (iv) remediation techniques to reduce the transfer of contaminants through isolation, containment and monitoring: (1) surface capping, reactive barriers, encapsulation; (2) chemical stabilisation, solidification and immobilisation; (3) geo-hydrological isolation and containment; (4) phyto-stabilisation; (5) control and aftercare through monitoring wells. (2) Risk reduction measures, other than soil remediation, to reduce exposure: (a) Restrictions on the cultivation and consumption of crops and vegetables; (b) Restrictions on the consumption of eggs; (c) Restrictions on the access of pets or livestock; (d) Restrictions on the extraction or use of groundwater for drinking, personal hygiene or industrial purposes; (e) Restrictions on demolition, de-sealing, or construction on the site (e.g. constructive measures for ventilation, tanking, etc.); (f) Restrictions on access to the site (e.g. through fencing) or to the areas surrounding the site; (g) Restrictions on land use or land use changes; (h) Restrictions on digging, drilling or excavation; (i) Restrictions to avoid contact with soil, dust or indoor air, and applying precautions to protect human health (e.g. respirators, gloves, wet cleaning, etc.). (3) Best available techniques referred to in Directive 2010/75/EU. (4) Measures taken by competent authorities and industrial operators following a major accident, in accordance with Directive 2012/18/EU.