Article 7 — Implementation and forms of Union funding

1. The Programme shall be implemented under direct management in accordance with the Financial Regulation or under indirect management with entities referred to in Article 62(1), point (c), of the Financial Regulation. 2. Without prejudice to Article 20(3) of this Regulation, Union funding may be provided in any of the forms laid down in the Financial Regulation, in particular in the form of grants, prizes, procurement, and financial instruments within blending operations under the InvestEU programme in accordance with Title X of the Financial Regulation. 3. With respect to actions referred to in Article 12(1) of this Regulation for which Union funding is provided in the form of a grant and a profit is made, the Commission shall be entitled to recover the percentage of the profit corresponding to the Union contribution to the eligible costs actually incurred by the beneficiary carrying out the action, up to the final amount of the Union contribution. By way of derogation from Article 195(2) of the Financial Regulation, the profit shall be calculated by a surplus of receipts over the eligible costs of the action, where receipts are limited to Union funding, Member State funding, including procurement, other revenue generated during the action and any revenue resulting from the action. The work programmes referred to in Article 21 of this Regulation may set out further details. 4. By way of derogation from Article 196(2) of the Financial Regulation, financial contributions may, where relevant and necessary for the implementation of an action, cover actions started and costs incurred prior to the date of the submission of the proposal for those actions, provided that those actions did not start before 5 March 2024 and have not been completed before the signature of the grant agreement.