Article 12 — Liability of third parties

1. Member States shall ensure that Articles 10 and 11 are applicable to any heir, or another universal successor of the party that benefited from the void, voidable or unenforceable legal act. The extent of the liability of heirs shall be governed by national law. 2. Member States shall ensure that Article 10 is applicable to any individual successor of the other party to the void, voidable or unenforceable legal act if the successor knew the circumstances on which the avoidance action is based. The knowledge referred to in the first subparagraph shall be presumed if the individual successor is a party closely related to the party that benefited from the void, voidable or unenforceable legal act. That presumption shall be rebuttable.