Article 2 — Definitions

For the purposes of this Regulation, the following definitions apply: (1) greenhouse gas means a gaseous constituent of the atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, that absorbs and emits radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface, the atmosphere and clouds; (2) greenhouse gas emission means the release of a greenhouse gas into the atmosphere expressed in mass of carbon dioxide equivalent; (3) greenhouse gas emissions accounting means the actions performed to quantify, through measurements and calculations, and used for reporting, greenhouse gas emissions; (4) transport service means transporting freight or a passenger from an origin to a destination; a transport service can imply one or multiple transport chain elements requiring both transport operations and hub operations; (5) transport operation means operation of a vehicle in order to transport passengers and/or freight; (6) hub operation means an operation in order to transfer freight or passengers through a hub; (7) transport chain means a sequence of transport elements related to freight or a (group of) passenger(s) that, when taken together, constitutes its movement from an origin to a destination; (8) transport chain element means a section of a transport chain within which the freight or a (group of) passenger(s) is carried by a single vehicle or transits through a single hub; (9) primary data means the quantified value of a process or an activity obtained from a direct measurement or a calculation based on direct measurements; (10) secondary data means either modelled data or default values that do not fulfil the requirements for primary data, including data from databases and published literature, default values for greenhouse gas emission factors from national inventories, calculated data, estimates or other representative data and data obtained from proxy processes or estimates; (11) transport service organiser means an entity that provides transport services within which the operation of some transport chain elements is subcontracted to one or more entities that operate them; (12) transport operator means an entity that carries out transport operations involving carriage of freight or passengers, or both; (13) hub operator means an entity that carries out hub operations involving carriage of freight or passengers; (14) transport and hub entities means transport service organiser, transport operator and hub operator; (15) data intermediary means a legal or natural person who provides information on greenhouse gas emissions from transport services that start or end on the Union territory, but who does not provide or organise those services; (16) micro, small and medium-sized enterprises or SMEs means microenterprises, small enterprises and medium-sized enterprises, as referred to in Commission Recommendation 2003/361/EC; (17) default value means a secondary data value drawn from a published source, which is taken as default where there is a lack of primary or modelled data; (18) energy carrier means a substance or phenomenon that can be used to produce mechanical work or heat or to operate chemical or physical processes; (19) modelled data means secondary data established by the use of a model that takes into account primary data and/or greenhouse gas emission-relevant parameters of a transport operation or hub operation, including by the use of a model provided through a calculation tool; (20) output data means disaggregated data on greenhouse gas emissions from a transport service established by using the common methodology and input data set out by this Regulation; (21) vehicle means a means of transporting passengers or freight, or both, in all transport modes; (22) greenhouse gas activity means activity that results in a greenhouse gas emission; (23) greenhouse gas activity data means a quantitative measure of a greenhouse gas activity; (24) greenhouse gas emission intensity means a coefficient relating transport activity or hub activity to the greenhouse gas emission; (25) greenhouse gas emission factor means a coefficient relating greenhouse gas activity data to the greenhouse gas emission; (26) well-to-wheel greenhouse gas emissions means emissions representing the greenhouse gas impact stemming from the use of vehicles and the operation of transport hubs, and from the provision of energy to those services; (27) calculation tool means an application, model or software allowing for the automatic calculation of greenhouse gas emissions from a transport service; (28) external calculation tool means a calculation tool that is provided on the market by a third party for broad commercial or non-commercial use; (29) carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) means a unit for comparing the radiative forcing of a greenhouse gas to that of carbon dioxide; (30) conformity assessment body means a conformity assessment body as defined in Article 2, point 13, of Regulation (EC) No 765/2008.